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Zhongma Fortress
Zhongma Fortress — or Zhong Ma Prison Camp, or Unit Tōgō — was a prison camp where the Japanese Kwantung Army carried out covert biological warfare research on human test subjects. Built in Beiyinhe, outside of Harbin, Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the camp served as a center for human subject experimentation and could hold up to 1,000 prisoners at any given time.〔Six- Legged Soldiers: Usings Insects as Weapons of War, Jeffrey A. Lockwood. p. 93〕 In 1937 the prison camp was destroyed and testing operations were transferred to Pingfang under Unit 731.
==Background==
In 1930 Doctor Shirō Ishii, an Imperial Japanese Army researcher in biological and chemical warfare, petitioned the Japanese War Ministry to establish a biological weapons program. With the support of Army Minister Sadao Araki and the dean of the Tokyo Army Medical College Koizumi Chikahkiko, a biological weapons program was initiated under a newly formed department of immunology.〔Six- Legged Soldiers: Usings Insects as Weapons of War, Jeffrey A. Lockwood. p. 91〕 Ishii began his research in biological warfare as the head of the "Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory." 〔Id.〕 Although protecting Japanese troops from disease was part of the agenda, the laboratory's primary objective was to development an effective means to spread epidemics.〔 Encouraged by preliminary results with lab animals, Ishii sought to replicate these outcomes with human trials. Due to containment issues and ethical constraints, human experimentation could not be conducted in his laboratory in native Tokyo.
In 1932 the Japanese Imperial Army invaded Manchuria following the Manchurian Incident. The subsequent occupation of Manchuria provided an environment conducive to Ishii's research as human test subjects "could be plucked from the streets like rats." 〔Id.; See also Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony〕 Ishii relocated his laboratory to a military facility near Harbin. However, the facility's highly populated surroundings threaten to compromise the secrecy of the ongoing human experimentation.〔Six- Legged Soldiers: Usings Insects as Weapons of War, Jeffrey A. Lockwood.〕 Consequently, a second site, about 100 kilometers to the south of Harbin at the village of Beiyinhe, was selected. Beiyinhe was a diffuse village of about 300 homes known to the local populace as Zhong Ma City. The Imperial Japanese Army cleared out the local inhabitants and burnt down the village save for a large building suitable for use as a headquarters.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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